SYLLABUS:
UNIT–I Overview of Language Processing
Pre-processor, compiler, assembler, interpreter, linker & loader and phases of a compiler. Lexical Analysis: Role of the lexical analysis, lexical analysis vs. parsing, token, patterns and lexemes, lexical errors. Regular expressions: Regular definitions for the language constructs, strings, sequences, transition diagram for recognition of tokens, reserved words and identifiers with examples.
UNIT–II Syntax Analysis
Discussion on CFG, LMD, RMD, ambiguity, parse tree, role of the parser, Classification of Parsing Techniques: Brute Force approach, left recursion, left factoring. Top-down parsing: FIRST and FOLLOW, LL (1) grammars, non-recursive predictive parsing and error recovery in predictive parsing.
UNIT–III Types of Bottom-Up Approaches
Introduction to bottom-up parser, Why LR Parsers?, model of an LR parsers, operator precedence parser, shift- reduce parser, difference between LR and LL Parsers, Construction of SLR Table. More Powerful LR parsers: Construction of CLR (1), LALR parsing table, dangling ELSE ambiguity, and error recovery in LR parsing and comparison of all bottom-up approaches with all top-down approaches.
UNIT–IV Semantic analysis
SDT schemes, evaluation of semantic rules, intermediate codes, three address codes - quadruples, triples, abstract syntax trees, types and declarations, type checking. Symbol Table: Use and need of symbol tables, runtime environment storage organization, stack allocation, access to non-local data, heap management.
UNIT–V Code Generation
Issues, target machine, basic blocks and flow graphs, simple code generator, peep-hole optimization Machine Independent Code Optimization: Semantic preserving transformations, global common sub expression elimination, copy propagation, dead code elimination, constant folding, strength reduction, loop optimization, instruction scheduling and inter procedural optimization.
